AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Substitution, as related to genomics, is a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide. The term can also refer to the replacement of one amino acid in a protein with a different amino acid.

Detailed explanation-2: -Transversion: when a purine is substituted for a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine replaces a purine. Point mutations that occur in DNA sequences encoding proteins are either silent, missense or nonsense.

Detailed explanation-3: -Substitution mutations can be good, bad, or have no effect. They cause three specific types of point mutation: silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. A silent mutation is one where the function of the protein is not changed. A missense mutation codes for the wrong protein.

Detailed explanation-4: -Such a substitution could: change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the protein produced. For example, sickle cell anemia is caused by a substitution in the beta-hemoglobin gene, which alters a single amino acid in the protein produced.