AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Polypeptide chains are formed by dehydration between the amino group of a L-amino acid4 with the carboxyl group of another. One hundred or more amino acids are linked together with covalent peptide bonds in various specific sequences in the polypeptide chain with polypeptide chains combining to form a protein.

Detailed explanation-2: -A gene sequence is converted into a polypeptide sequence via two processes: Transcription – making an mRNA transcript based on a DNA template (occurs within the nucleus) Translation – using the instructions of the mRNA transcript to link amino acids together (occurs at the ribosome)

Detailed explanation-3: -Proteins are the product of a gene that are formed from translation of a mature mRNA molecule. Proteins contain 4 elements in regards to their structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The linear amino acid sequence is also known as the primary structure.

Detailed explanation-4: -The product is usually messenger RNA (mRNA) and mRNA ultimately results in the synthesis of a polypeptide or a protein. Therefore, it is commonly said that the order of deoxyribonucleotide bases in a gene determines the amino acid sequence of a particular protein.

Detailed explanation-5: -This mRNA is used to make protein molecules by the process of translation. This is the central dogma of protein synthesis. Hence the final product of a gene is a polypeptide.