AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be frameshift variants. Some regions of DNA contain short sequences of nucleotides that are repeated a number of times in a row.

Detailed explanation-2: -Frameshift Mutation A frameshift mutation in a gene refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three. This is important because a cell reads a gene’s code in groups of three bases when making a protein.

Detailed explanation-3: -Mutations can be of many types, such as substitution, deletion, insertion, and translocation.

Detailed explanation-4: -An insertion or deletion of a nucleotide or a set of nucleotides may or may not cause the reading frame to shift. If it doesn’t cause the reading frame to shift, then the mutation is called a non-frameshift mutation.

Detailed explanation-5: -A frameshift mutation is produced either by insertion or deletion of one or more new bases. Because the reading frame begins at the start site, any mRNA produced from a mutated DNA sequence will be read out of frame after the point of the insertion or deletion, yielding a nonsense protein.