AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In a typical cloning experiment, a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid. The plasmid is introduced into bacteria via a process called transformation, and bacteria carrying the plasmid are selected using antibiotics.

Detailed explanation-2: -Inserting genes into plasmids The piece of DNA or gene of interest is cut from its original DNA source using a restriction enzyme and then pasted into the plasmid by ligation. The plasmid containing the foreign DNA is now ready to be inserted into bacteria. This process is called transformation.

Detailed explanation-3: -This is usually done by two methods. Firstly, it can be done by inserting or integrating the multiple copies of the desired gene sequence at one or more locations in the chromosomes of the transformant. The other method is introduction of the episomal plasmids which are of autonomously replicating nature.

Detailed explanation-4: -Foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid (or any cloning vector) by ligating the DNA into a complementary site in the plasmid. These sites are generated by digesting the DNA and vector with the same restriction enzyme.

Detailed explanation-5: -In genetic engineering, a DNA segment (gene) of interest, is transferred to the host cell through a vector. Plasmids and bacteriophages can be used as vectors.