AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -They are two types, namely endonucleases and exonucleases. The endonucleases cut within the DNA strand whereas the exonucleases cut the nucleotides from the ends of the DNA strands. The restriction endonucleases are sequence-specific which is usually palindrome sequences and cut the DNA at specific points.

Detailed explanation-2: -The tools for plant rDNA technology include, vectors, restriction enzyme, ligation enzymes, bacterial hosts, methods to isolate and multiply nucleic acids, methods to quantify nucleic acids, Agrobacterium as a vector to insert foreign DNA into plants.

Detailed explanation-3: -Restriction enzymes can be isolated from bacterial cells and used in the laboratory to manipulate fragments of DNA, such as those that contain genes; for this reason they are indispensible tools of recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering).

Detailed explanation-4: -Recombinant DNA technology has also proven important to the production of vaccines and protein therapies such as human insulin, interferon and human growth hormone. It is also used to produce clotting factors for treating haemophilia and in the development of gene therapy.