AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The secondary structure arises from the hydrogen bonds formed between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. The hydrogen bonds form between the partially negative oxygen atom and the partially positive nitrogen atom.

Detailed explanation-2: -Secondary structure refers to regular, recurring arrangements in space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. It is maintained by hydrogen bonds between amide hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens of the peptide backbone.

Detailed explanation-3: -Hydrogen bonds between polar amine and carboxyl groups alleviate the desolvation penalty of those groups as they become buried in protein’s native structure. This, in turn, gives rise to the familiar protein secondary structures, such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

Detailed explanation-4: -Secondary Structure The side-chain substituents of the amino acid groups in an -helix extend to the outside. Hydrogen bonds form between the oxygen of each C=O. bond in the strand and the hydrogen of each N-H group four amino acids below it in the helix. The hydrogen bonds make this structure especially stable.

Detailed explanation-5: -Hydrogen bonds provide most of the directional interactions that underpin protein folding, protein structure and molecular recognition. The core of most protein structures is composed of secondary structures such as helix and sheet.