AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Substrate binding to an enzyme is generally stabilized by local molecular interactions with the amino acid residues on the polypeptide chain.

Detailed explanation-2: -Usually, each subunit of an enzyme has one active site capable of binding substrate. The characteristics of an enzyme derive from the sequence of amino acids, which determine the shape of the enzyme (i.e., the structure of the active site) and hence the specificity of the enzyme.

Detailed explanation-3: -Enzymes are specific to substrates as they have an active site which only allow certain substrates to bind to the active site. This is due to the shape of the active site and any other substrates cannot bind to the active site.

Detailed explanation-4: -The substrate binds to the enzyme undergoing a conformational change, breaking it down into products. The enzymes change their shape which is known as induced fit. Enzymes can reverse back to their original shape once the reaction is carried out.