AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Bacterial transformation is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment. It was first reported in Streptococcus pneumoniae by Griffith in 1928.

Detailed explanation-2: -Natural transformation, as its name implies, is a natural mechanism used by some bacterial cells to take up DNA from the environment. This environmental DNA was, at one point, located in other bacteria. For instance, when bacteria die and disintegrate, their chromosomal DNA is released.

Detailed explanation-3: -In transformation, the DNA (usually in the form of a plasmid) is introduced into a competent strain of bacteria, so that the bacteria may then replicate the sequence of interest in amounts suitable for further analysis and/or manipulation.

Detailed explanation-4: -In transformation, a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment. In transduction, DNA is accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus. In conjugation, DNA is transferred between bacteria through a tube between cells.

Detailed explanation-5: -Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. Viruses called bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts to make more viruses.