AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Frederick Sanger was a British biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry twice. Sanger’s first triumph was to determine the complete amino acid sequence of the two polypeptide chains of bovine insulin, A and B. Automated DNA sequencers make use of the principle of Sanger.

Detailed explanation-2: -Solution: Automated DNA sequencers work on the principle of a method developed by Frederick Sanger. Sanger is also credited for developing method for determination of amino acid sequences in proteins.

Detailed explanation-3: -In automated Sanger sequencing, a computer reads each band of the capillary gel, in order, using fluorescence to call the identity of each terminal ddNTP. In short, a laser excites the fluorescent tags in each band, and a computer detects the resulting light emitted.

Detailed explanation-4: -The first automated DNA sequencer, invented by Lloyd M. Smith, was introduced by Applied Biosystems in 1987. It used the Sanger sequencing method, a technology which formed the basis of the “first generation” of DNA sequencers and enabled the completion of the human genome project in 2001.

Detailed explanation-5: -Method of Sanger sequencing The DNA sample to be sequenced is combined in a tube with primer, DNA polymerase, and DNA nucleotides (dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP). The four dye-labeled, chain-terminating dideoxy nucleotides are added as well, but in much smaller amounts than the ordinary nucleotides.