AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) – This approach focussed on identifying all genes expressed as RNA. Sequence Annotation – This blind approach involved sequencing the whole genome (coding and non-coding) and later assigning functions to the different regions.

Detailed explanation-2: -Definition. Sequence annotation is the process of marking specific features in a DNA, RNA or protein sequence with descriptive information about structure or function.

Detailed explanation-3: -Functional annotation is the process of attaching biological information to sequences of genes or proteins. The basic level of annotation is using sequence alignment tool BLAST for finding similarities, and then annotating genes or proteins based on that.

Detailed explanation-4: -Using gene annotation approaches, the genes or proteins that may be recruited by a particular genome sequence can be predicted. Functional annotation of these new genes or proteins can be done by searching their similarity with well experimentally verified sequences available in the databases.

Detailed explanation-5: -Genome annotation is a multi-level process that includes prediction of protein-coding genes, as well as other functional genome units such as structural RNAs, tRNAs, small RNAs, pseudogenes, control regions, direct and inverted repeats, insertion sequences, transposons and other mobile elements.