AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Aggression refers to behavior that is intended to harm another individual. Violence is aggression that creates extreme physical harm. Emotional or impulsive aggression refers to aggression that occurs with only a small amount of forethought or intent. Instrumental or cognitive aggression is intentional and planned.

Detailed explanation-2: -Physical aggression includes hitting, kicking, scratching, pushing, biting, punching, grabbing, throwing objects, pinching, cutting, and stabbing. Verbal aggression is typically considered as insulting, obscene or profane language or sexual advances.

Detailed explanation-3: -There are two main types of aggression: impulsive aggression (known as reactive aggressive behaviors) and instrumental aggression (known as proactive aggressive behaviors). Both are often shown through either physical aggression (such as slapping, hitting, or punching) or through harsh emotional outbursts.

Detailed explanation-4: -Verbal aggression is similar to bullying except it does not include physical aggression. It is the use of words or gestures to cause psychological harm that differentiates verbal aggression from physical bullying. Many bullies rely on verbal, social, and physical methods of intimidation and harassment.

Detailed explanation-5: -The three aggression types comprised reactive-expressive (i.e., verbal and physical aggression), reactive-inexpressive (e.g., hostility), and proactive-relational aggression (i.e., aggression that can break human relationships, for instance, by circulating malicious rumours).