AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In classical conditioning, a new stimulus is associated with a pre-existing response through repeated pairing of new and previously known stimuli. In operant conditioning, an animal learns to perform a behavior more or less frequently through a reward or punishment that follows the behavior.

Detailed explanation-2: -A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response. In the described experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the ringing of the bell, and the conditioned response was salivation. It is important to note that the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.

Detailed explanation-3: -learner comes to respond to stimuli other than the one originally calling for the response (as when dogs are taught to salivate at the sound of a bell). One says in such a situation that a new stimulus is learned.

Detailed explanation-4: -Counter-conditioning means changing the pet’s emotional response, feelings or attitude toward a stimulus.

Detailed explanation-5: -Stimulus generalization is the tendency for a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. 8 For example, if a dog has been conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, the animal may also exhibit the same response to a sound that’s similar to the bell.