AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Three types of stimuli can activate pain receptors in peripheral tissues: mechanical (pressure, pinch), heat, and chemical.

Detailed explanation-2: -Pain is termed nociceptive (nocer – to injure or to hurt in Latin), and nociceptive means sensitive to noxious stimuli. Noxious stimuli are stimuli that elicit tissue damage and activate nociceptors.

Detailed explanation-3: -The somatosensory receptors can be activated by these different stimuli that act on mechanoreceptors (including proprioception), nociceptors, thermoreceptors and chemoreceptors.

Detailed explanation-4: -Painful stimuli are classified as central (response via the brain) or peripheral (reflex response via the spine).

Detailed explanation-5: -The neurophysiologic underpinnings of pain can be divided into four stages: transduction, transmission, pain modulation, and perception.