AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Definition. In negative reinforcement, first devised by B. F. Skinner, an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior. If an organism is exposed to an aversive situation, and the termination of that situation is made contingent upon some response, then we say that the organism is being negatively reinforced.

Detailed explanation-2: -Negative reinforcement occurs when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing/avoiding the negative consequence.

Detailed explanation-3: -Negative reinforcement includes escape, removal of an already present aversive stimulus, and avoidance, prevention or postponement of an aversive stimulus.

Detailed explanation-4: -Examples of Negative Reinforcement Giving a pass to the car behind to avoid its honking. Getting up from the bed to avoid the noisy alarm. Taking an antacid before having a spicy meal. Applying sunscreen before heading to the beach to avoid getting sunburned.

Detailed explanation-5: -refers to the use of an aversive outcome, such as punishment or negative reinforcement, to control behavior, and eliminate undesirable behavior.