AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Hydrogen bonding between amino groups and carboxyl groups in neighboring regions of the protein chain sometimes causes certain patterns of folding to occur. Known as alpha helices and beta sheets, these stable folding patterns make up the secondary structure of a protein.

Detailed explanation-2: -Secondary structure refers to regular, recurring arrangements in space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. It is maintained by hydrogen bonds between amide hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens of the peptide backbone. The major secondary structures are -helices and -structures.

Detailed explanation-3: -An -helix secondary structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl oxygen and the amino group of every third residue in the helical turn with each helical turn consisting of 3.6 amino acid residues (Fig. 10.1A). The side chain of amino acids is projected outward from the outer helical surface.

Detailed explanation-4: -The secondary structure arises from the hydrogen bonds formed between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. The hydrogen bonds form between the partially negative oxygen atom and the partially positive nitrogen atom.

Detailed explanation-5: -Secondary structure The most common types of secondary structures are the helix and the pleated sheet. Both structures are held in shape by hydrogen bonds, which form between the carbonyl O of one amino acid and the amino H of another.