AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -pH: Each enzyme has an optimum pH range. Changing the pH outside of this range will slow enzyme activity. Extreme pH values can cause enzymes to denature. Enzyme concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration will speed up the reaction, as long as there is substrate available to bind to.

Detailed explanation-2: -Active site amino acid residues often have acidic or basic properties that are important for catalysis. Changes in pH can affect these residues and make it hard for substrates to bind. Enzymes work best within a certain pH range, and, as with temperature, extreme pH values (acidic or basic) can make enzymes denature.

Detailed explanation-3: -Changing the pH will affect the charges on the amino acid molecules. Amino acids that attracted each other may no longer be. Again, the shape of the enzyme, along with its active site, will change. Extremes of pH also denature enzymes.

Detailed explanation-4: -Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. The most favorable pH value-the point where the enzyme is most active-is known as the optimum pH. This is graphically illustrated in Figure 14. Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes.

Detailed explanation-5: -pH affects enzyme activity because enzymes are proteins that get their molecular structure via interactions between the charges of the amino acids that form the protein chains. These interactions are in the form of a hydrogen bond which is affected by the pH level.