AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cofactors can either be ions, such as zinc and iron ions, or organic molecules, such as vitamins or vitamin-derived molecules. Many of these cofactors will attach near the substrate binding site to facilitate the binding of the substrate to the enzyme.

Detailed explanation-2: -Prosthetic groups are cofactors that bind tightly to proteins or enzymes. They cannot be easily removed. They can be organic compounds or metal ions and are often attached to proteins by a covalent bond. Thus the correct answer is option A.

Detailed explanation-3: -A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme’s role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction). Cofactors can be considered “helper molecules” that assist in biochemical transformations.

Detailed explanation-4: -Cofactors. Some enzymes cannot function unless they attach to a specific non-protein molecule, known as cofactors. There are two types of cofactors, ions and coenzymes. Ions are inorganic molecules that loosely bond to the enzyme to ensure it can function.

Detailed explanation-5: -Cofactors are key components of enzyme pathways that facilitate the activity or regulation of enzymes. Cofactors can be metals (e.g. magnesium, copper) or organic compounds (e.g. heme, sugars, proteins). Cofactors come in three types including cofactors, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups.