AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Water molecules are polar, with partial positive charges on the hydrogens, a partial negative charge on the oxygen, and a bent overall structure. This is because oxygen is more electronegative, meaning that it is better than hydrogen at attracting electrons.

Detailed explanation-2: -Polarity: Although the net charge of a water molecule is zero, water is polar because of its shape. The hydrogen ends of the molecule are positive and the oxygen end is negative. This causes water molecules to attract each other and other polar molecules.

Detailed explanation-3: -Water is a Polar Covalent Molecule The unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of the molecule means that a water molecule has two poles-a positive charge on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole (side).

Detailed explanation-4: -The positively charged ions (called cations) include calcium and magnesium, which constitute hardness. Other cations present in water are sodium, potassium and iron. The negatively charged ions in water (called anions) include sulfates, chlorides, bicarbonates and silica.

Detailed explanation-5: -This gives the oxygen end of the water molecule a partial negative charge, while the hydrogen end has a partial positive charge.