AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The phosphorylation of glucose maintains the downhill gradient for glucose metabolism and extramitochondrial glucose flux through the pentose phosphate pathway. Induction of the pentose phosphate pathway and the generation of NADPH may also contribute to protection against cell death.

Detailed explanation-2: -During glycolysis, glucose ultimately breaks down into pyruvate and energy; a total of 2 ATP is derived in the process (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi–> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O). The hydroxyl groups allow for phosphorylation. The specific form of glucose used in glycolysis is glucose 6-phosphate.

Detailed explanation-3: -The first step in glycolysis is catalyzed by hexokinase, an enzyme with broad specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive form of glucose.

Detailed explanation-4: -Glucose gets phosphorylated by hexokinase, forming glucose-6-phosphate. This step requires one molecule of ATP. Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerized by phosphoglucose isomerase to form fructose-6-phosphate.