AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Oxidative phosphorylation is made up of two closely connected components: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient.

Detailed explanation-2: -The process of pumping protons across the membrane to generate the proton gradient is called chemiosmosis. Chemiosmosis is driven by the flow of electrons down the electron transport chain, a series of protein complexes in the membrane that forms an electron bucket brigade.

Detailed explanation-3: -This process is related to osmosis, the movement of water across a selective membrane, which is why it is called “chemiosmosis". ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP by chemiosmosis.

Detailed explanation-4: -Chemiosmosis is the process of diffusion of ions (usually H+ ions, also known as protons) across a selectively permeable membrane. As in osmosis, chemiosmosis leads to a concentration gradient of the diffusing ion across the membrane. A concentration gradient is a form of potential energy that can do work.

Detailed explanation-5: -1: Chemiosmosis: In oxidative phosphorylation, the hydrogen ion gradient formed by the electron transport chain is used by ATP synthase to form ATP.