AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -During glycolysis, glucose ultimately breaks down into pyruvate and energy; a total of 2 ATP is derived in the process (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi–> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O). The hydroxyl groups allow for phosphorylation. The specific form of glucose used in glycolysis is glucose 6-phosphate.

Detailed explanation-2: -Enzymes split a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. This releases energy, which is transferred to ATP. During this stage, high-energy electrons are also transferred to molecules of NADH. NADH is used in stage III to make more ATP.

Detailed explanation-3: -In most cells glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate which is subsequently oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by mitochondrial enzymes. However, in some cells, most notably mature red blood cells, glycolysis is the only means of ATP production because of the lack of mitochondria.

Detailed explanation-4: -In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria, which are the sites of cellular respiration. There, pyruvate will be transformed into an acetyl group that will be picked up and activated by a carrier compound called coenzyme A (CoA).

Detailed explanation-5: -Glycolysis is the process in which one glucose molecule is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid (also called pyruvate). The glycolysis process is a multi-step metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of animal cells, plant cells, and the cells of microorganisms.