AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -ATP is used by the cell for functioning cellular activities. The end products of the ETC or electron transport chain are the formation of ATP, NAD+, FAD, water, and protons. ETC works as a proton pump since it pumps hydrogen ions or protons through the membrane, and only allows ATP synthase for the formation of ATP.

Detailed explanation-2: -The by-products of the breakdown of ATP are adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is the remaining adenosine and two (di) phosphate groups, and one single phosphate (Pi) that is ‘on its own’.

Detailed explanation-3: -The process of forming ATP from the electron transport chain is known as oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons carried by NADH + H+ and FADH2 are transferred to oxygen via a series of electron carriers, and ATPs are formed. Three ATPs are formed from each NADH + H+, and two ATPs are formed for each FADH2 in eukaryotes.

Detailed explanation-4: -Electron transport produces 34 out of the 38 ATP produced from one glucose molecule through cellular respiration.

Detailed explanation-5: -The electron transport chain is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The electron transport cycle yields around 30-32 ATP molecules, according to current studies.