AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The oxidation of one molecule of NADH thus leads to the synthesis of three molecules of ATP, whereas the oxidation of FADH2, which enters the electron transport chain at complex II, yields only two ATP molecules.

Detailed explanation-2: -When NAD+ is converted to NADH, it gains two things: First, a charged hydrogen molecule (H+) and next, two electrons. As electrons are negatively charged, the combination of the positively charged NAD+ and H+, coupled with two electrons, effectively cancel each other out and neutralize the resulting NADH molecule.

Detailed explanation-3: -In this shuttle, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ in the cytosol and NAD+ is reduced to NADH in mitochondria. NAD+ is used as an electron acceptor during glycolysis, whereas NADH is used by mitochondrial complex I to drive the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC).

Detailed explanation-4: -One NADH molecule is equivalent to three ATP molecules inside the mitochondria.