AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Gels are formed when partially unfolded proteins develop uncoiled polypeptide segments that interact at specific points to form a three dimensional cross-linked network. Partial unfolding of proteins with slight changes in secondary structure is required for gelation [3].

Detailed explanation-2: -The synthesized hydrogels have significant properties, such as mechanical strength, biocompatibility, biodegradability, swellability, and stimuli sensitivity. These properties are substantial for electrochemical and biomedical applications.

Detailed explanation-3: -Stacking gel has a lower pH (6.8) than the resolving gel (8.8). The polyacrylamide content in stacking gel (usually around 4%) is lower than that in resolving gel (around 10%), which leads to smaller pore sizes in the stacking gel.

Detailed explanation-4: -The main constituents responsible for gelation are hydrocolloids and proteins. All hydrocolloids have thickening properties, but relatively few have gelling properties.