AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The first organisms appearing in the regions of primary succession are pioneer species (usually lichens or mosses). They are the first species present. They must be strong and hardy. The development of a new community is succession.

Detailed explanation-2: -Examples of pioneer species are lichens, algae, and fungi. These species are more tolerant and eventually contribute to the formation of the soil by breaking down rocks into smaller particles.

Detailed explanation-3: -Lichens, fungi, bacteria, fireweed, grasses, alder, and willow are examples of pioneer species.

Detailed explanation-4: -Primary succession begins when no plant life is present on the landscape, such as after a lava flow or glacial retreat. Over centuries, soil forms and deepens and successive communities of plants grow.

Detailed explanation-5: -The first organisms to appear in areas of primary succession are often mosses or lichens. These organisms are known as pioneer species because they are the first species present; pioneer species must be hardy and strong, just like human pioneers.