AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The bottleneck effect is an extreme example of genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severely reduced. Events like natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, fires) can decimate a population, killing most individuals and leaving behind a small, random assortment of survivors.

Detailed explanation-2: -In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

Detailed explanation-3: -The founder effect is the reduction in genetic variation that results when a small subset of a large population is used to establish a new colony. The new population may be very different from the original population, both in terms of its genotypes and phenotypes.

Detailed explanation-4: -A genetic bottleneck occurs when a population is greatly reduced in size. The bottleneck limits the genetic diversity of. the species because only a small part of the original population survives.

Detailed explanation-5: -Populations generate genetic variation over time, which can be specifically reduced by selection or stochastically reduced by genetic bottlenecks. After a bottleneck, a limited number of randomly selected individuals create a founding population, resulting in genetic drift.