AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In the simplest system, with two alleles of the same locus (e.g. A, a), we use the symbol p to represent the frequency of the dominant allele within the population, and q for the frequency of the recessive allele.

Detailed explanation-2: -Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters and recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters. For example, blue eyes are a recessive trait and brown eyes are a dominant trait.

Detailed explanation-3: -In the equation, p2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa.

Detailed explanation-4: -Hardy-Weinberg Equations The second Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to determine genotype frequencies. The variable ‘p2’ denotes the homozygous dominant genotype (AA), ‘2pq’ denotes the heterozygous genotype (Aa), and ‘q2’ denotes the homozygous recessive genotype (aa).