AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Degrees of freedom refers to the maximum number of logically independent values, which are values that have the freedom to vary, in the data sample. Degrees of freedom is calculated by subtracting one from the number of items within the data sample.

Detailed explanation-2: -How to calculate degrees of freedom. The degrees of freedom of a statistic is the sample size minus the number of restrictions. Most of the time, the restrictions are parameters that are estimated as intermediate steps in calculating the statistic.

Detailed explanation-3: -Therefore, the sample variance has n-1 degrees of freedom, since it is computed from n random scores minus the only 1 parameter estimated as intermediate step, which is the sample mean. Hope this helps.

Detailed explanation-4: -Degrees of Freedom for t Tests We know that when you have a sample and estimate the mean, you have n – 1 degrees of freedom, where n is the sample size. Consequently, for a 1-sample t test, use n – 1 to calculate degrees of freedom.

Detailed explanation-5: -The degrees of freedom is the number of independent estimates of variance on which MSE is based. This is equal to (n1-1) + (n2-1), where n1 is the sample size of the first group and n2 is the sample size of the second group.