AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -An insertion changes the DNA sequence by adding one or more nucleotides to the gene. As a result, the protein made from the gene may not function properly. A deletion changes the DNA sequence by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene.

Detailed explanation-2: -With base substitution mutations, only a single nucleotide within a gene sequence is changed, so only one codon is affected (Figure 1).

Detailed explanation-3: -Sometimes, gene variants (also known as mutations) prevent one or more proteins from working properly. By changing a gene’s instructions for making a protein, a variant can cause a protein to malfunction or to not be produced at all.

Detailed explanation-4: -A mutation is a change in a genetic sequence. Mutations include changes as small as the substitution of a single DNA building block, or nucleotide base, with another nucleotide base. Meanwhile, larger mutations can affect many genes on a chromosome.

Detailed explanation-5: -A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism’s genome. Point mutations have a variety of effects on the downstream protein product-consequences that are moderately predictable based upon the specifics of the mutation.