AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Recombinant DNA is a technology scientists developed that made it possible to insert a human gene into the genetic material of a common bacterium. This “recombinant” micro-organism could now produce the protein encoded by the human gene. Scientists build the human insulin gene in the laboratory.

Detailed explanation-2: -To create a mutant bacteria capable of producing insulin, a plasmid is submitted to the action of restriction endonucleases specialized in cutting DNA fragments. The once circular plasmid is open by the restriction enzyme. The same enzyme is used to cut a human DNA molecule containing the insulin gene.

Detailed explanation-3: -The development in the field of genetic engineering allowed the production of insulin in E. coli and yeast, which have been approved for therapeutic applications in human by FDA [14, 15]. Nowadays, recombinant human insulin is mainly produced either in E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Detailed explanation-4: -The human insulin gene is put into the plasmid DNA nick. This plasmid and the gene of interest are then recombined together by the enzyme ligase.