AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A point mutation is where you change one base in the DNA to another. A missense mutation occurs when that point mutation causes a different amino acid to be placed from that codon.

Detailed explanation-2: -A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single “chemical letter” such as switching an A to a G). Such a substitution could: change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the protein produced.

Detailed explanation-3: -Point Mutation A point mutation occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed. While most point mutations are benign, they can also have various functional consequences, including changes in gene expression or alterations in encoded proteins.

Detailed explanation-4: -Substitution mutations can be good, bad, or have no effect. They cause three specific types of point mutation: silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. A silent mutation is one where the function of the protein is not changed. A missense mutation codes for the wrong protein.

Detailed explanation-5: -Mutation in single nucleotide base of a DNA segment is called as a point mutation. It occurs by substitution or frameshift mutation. Exchange of one nitrogenous base for another base is called as substitution; option C is correct.