AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A deletion changes the DNA sequence by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene. Small deletions remove one or a few nucleotides within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the affected protein or proteins.

Detailed explanation-2: -In the case of deletion mutations, one nucleobase is removed from the DNA sequence usually during DNA replication. Frameshift: this type of mutation occurs as a result of deletion point mutations.

Detailed explanation-3: -A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single “chemical letter” such as switching an A to a G). Such a substitution could: change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the protein produced.

Detailed explanation-4: -Some scientists recognize another type of mutation, called a frameshift mutation, as a type of point mutation. Frameshift mutations can lead to drastic loss of function and occur through the addition or deletion of one or more DNA bases.

Detailed explanation-5: -A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA. It may be as small as a single base but can vary significantly in size.