AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -At the short end of the spectrum, indels of one or two base pairs within coding sequences have the greatest effect, because they will inevitably cause a frameshift (only the addition of one or more three-base-pair codons will keep a protein approximately intact).

Detailed explanation-2: -Answer and Explanation: (e) Insertion of one nucleotide is most likely to drastically affect a protein’s sequence. Insertion/deletion of any number of nucleotide/s (except in the multiple of three) will result in the mutation refer to as a frame-shift mutation.

Detailed explanation-3: -Because an insertion or deletion results in a frame-shift that changes the reading of subsequent codons and, therefore, alters the entire amino acid sequence that follows the mutation, insertions and deletions are usually more harmful than a substitution in which only a single amino acid is altered.

Detailed explanation-4: -Base Substitutions Single base substitutions are called point mutations, recall the point mutation Glu—–> Val which causes sickle-cell disease. Point mutations are the most common type of mutation and there are two types.