AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In this family pedigree, black squares indicate the presence of a particular trait in a male, and white squares represent males without the trait. White circles are females.

Detailed explanation-2: -In human genetics, pedigree diagrams are utilized to trace the inheritance of a specific trait, abnormality, or disease. A male is represented by a square or the symbol ♂, a female by a circle or the symbol ♀.

Detailed explanation-3: -In a pedigree, a circle represents a female, and a square represents a male. A filled-in circle or square shows that the individual has the trait being studied. The horizontal line that connects a circle and a square represents a marriage.

Detailed explanation-4: -A circle represents a female. A square represents a male. A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage. A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children.

Detailed explanation-5: -Usually in the pedigree males are represented by squares and females by circles.