AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Circles in the pedigree represent females and squares represent males. Filled shapes indicate affected individuals, while unfilled shapes indicate unaffected individuals.

Detailed explanation-2: -A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait. A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait. A black X. represents. death of the individual.

Detailed explanation-3: -Shaded symbols mean an individual is affected by a condition, while an unshaded symbol means they are unaffected. A horizontal line between man and woman represents mating and resulting children are shown as offshoots to this line.

Detailed explanation-4: -In a pedigree, a circle represents a female, and a square represents a male. A filled-in circle or square shows that the individual has the trait being studied. The horizontal line that connects a circle and a square represents a marriage.

Detailed explanation-5: -Square shape stands for male individual while the circle stands for females. The unidentified sex is represented by diamond shape. Hence, option A stands for unaffected female while option B stands for unaffected male; option C stands for affected unidentified sex not for affected male.