AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side.

Detailed explanation-2: -ADP is continually converted to ATP by the addition of a phosphate during the process of cellular respiration. ATP carries much more energy than ADP. As the cell requires more energy, it uses energy from the breakdown of food molecules to attach a free phosphate group to an ADP molecule in order to make ATP.

Detailed explanation-3: -The process by which ATP is synthesised by cells (in mitochondria chloroplasts) is named as phosphorylation. Photophosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the presence of light, inside chloroplast.

Detailed explanation-4: -ATP Synthesis Mechanism The loose (L) sites bind the substrates (ADP and phosphate) reversibly. The T sites then bind the reactants so tightly that ATP is formed. The O sites, which have a low affinity for substrates, then release the ATP already formed in the T state.

Detailed explanation-5: -The enzymes involved in the generation of ATP are glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK).