AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Alcoholic fermentation is the anaerobic transformation of fructose and glucose (sugars) into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The process is conducted by yeasts and a few bacteria (Zymomonas mobilis).

Detailed explanation-2: -When yeast cells are kept in an anaerobic environment (i.e., without oxygen), they switch to alcoholic fermentation to generate usable energy from food.

Detailed explanation-3: -Alcoholic fermentation is carried out by yeasts and some other fungi and bacteria. The first step of the alcoholic fermentation pathway involves pyruvate, which is formed by yeast via the EMP pathway, while it is obtained through the ED pathway in the case of Zymomonas (bacteria).

Detailed explanation-4: -Two common kinds of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation. Both are anaerobic processes, but lactic acid fermentation occurs in animal tissue such as human muscle, while alcohol fermentation occurs in plant and yeast cells.

Detailed explanation-5: -Fermentation can be observed in the anaerobic condition only. When there is deprivation of the oxygen molecules in the human cell (mostly in the muscle cells), the body produces lactic acid. Once the oxygen supply is regained, this process is completely stopped.