AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -’ Mitochondria generate most of the ATP in cells via ATPase rotation driven by the proton flow across the inner membrane by a process called chemiosmosis. This generates electrical potential energy in the form of a pH gradient across this membrane.

Detailed explanation-2: -Chemiosmosis is involved in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the main molecule used for energy by the cell. In eukaryotes, ATP is produced through the process of cellular respiration in the mitochondria.

Detailed explanation-3: -After an ATP molecule has been used to do work (i.e. it has released its energy), it is converted into adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

Detailed explanation-4: -During these reactions, six molecules of carbon dioxide are produced (for each molecule of glucose), along with a further eight molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2. Therefore in total, each glucose molecule yields 12 hydrogen ions bound to either NAD or FAD carrier molecules.