AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Conversion of ATP to ADP requires needs removal of one phosphate group by breaking one phosphoanhydride bond. The process of breaking phosphoanhydride bonds is known as hydrolysis and energy is released during this process. The class of enzyme that catalyzes this process is known as ATPase.

Detailed explanation-2: -The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side.

Detailed explanation-3: -If a cell needs to spend energy to accomplish a task, the ATP molecule splits off one of its three phosphates, becoming ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate. The energy holding that phosphate molecule is now released and available to do work for the cell.

Detailed explanation-4: -The conversion of ADP to ATP can occur through two kinds of phosphorylation: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation. The primary difference between these two processes lies in the source of the free energy used to drive phosphorylation.

Detailed explanation-5: -ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic process. It produces ADP (Adenosine diphosphate), Pi (inorganic phosphate) and energy.