AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Photosystems absorb light and use electron transport chains to convert energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADH. The subsequent light-independent reactions then assemble carbohydrate molecules with this energy.

Detailed explanation-2: -Answer and Explanation: Electrons in photosystem II get their energy from light at a wavelength of 680 nm. This light is absorbed by chlorophyll and is used to eject the electrons from the photosytem. The electrons are subsequently shuttled through various electron carriers via redox reactions.

Detailed explanation-3: -Photosystem II obtains replacement electrons from water molecules, resulting in their split into hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen atoms. The oxygen atoms combine to form molecular oxygen (O2), which is released into the atmosphere. The hydrogen ions are released into the lumen.

Detailed explanation-4: -In plants, the process of photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll of the leaves, inside the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain disc-shaped structures called thylakoids, which contain the pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs certain portions of the visible spectrum and captures energy from sunlight.