AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Plants that normally live in dry, hot climates have adapted different ways of initially fixing CO2 prior to its entering the Calvin cycle. These pathways of carbon fixation, know as the C4 and the CAM pathways, take place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Detailed explanation-2: -C4 plants are generally found in hot, dry environments where conditions favor the wasteful photorespiration reactions of RUBISCO, as well as loss of water. In these plants, carbon dioxide is captured in special mesophyll cells first by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to make oxaloacetate.

Detailed explanation-3: -C4 and CAM plants are plants that use certain special compounds to gather carbon dioxide (CO2) during photosynthesis. Using these compounds allows these plants to extract more CO2 from a given amount of air, helping them prevent water loss in dry climates.

Detailed explanation-4: -Answer and Explanation: C4 and CAM plants both have evolved evolutionary mechanisms to reduce water loss as well as to ensure adequate carbon dioxide uptake through their stomata.

Detailed explanation-5: -C4 plants are adapted to dry tropical regions. Sugarcane, Maize, Sorghum, etc., are the examples of C4 plants. In these plants, the Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle-sheath cells. C4 plants have a special type of anatomy called Kranz anatomy.