AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The ligand signal is not usually metabolized into useful products. Which of the following is true? For most ligand-receptor complexes, binding is favored; Ligand-receptor interactions are reversible; Many drugs that alter human behavior prevent binding of receptors’ specific ligands. exists within the cytoplasm.

Detailed explanation-2: -An enzyme is a receptor and a substrate is a ligand. The only difference is that the enzyme catalyzes a reaction, where “receptors” don’t necessarily catalyze reactions. Normally, we think of Kd when we think of receptor-ligand binding; however, it can also be used (and measured) in enzyme-substrate interactions.

Detailed explanation-3: -Ligand, in chemistry, any atom or molecule attached to a central atom, usually a metallic element, Here copper is the ligand. The word is used in ligature (something that binds two or more thing together). Actually handcuffs are ligatures. A substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.

Detailed explanation-4: -Receptors are large molecules that are essential for cell-to-cell communication as cells release chemical messengers to communicate with each other; receptors are the method cells can decipher these messages. Enzymes are also large molecules but are essential for catalyzing biological reactions.

Detailed explanation-5: -Cellular receptors are proteins either inside a cell or on its surface which receive a signal. In normal physiology, this is a chemical signal where a protein-ligand binds a protein receptor. The ligand is a chemical messenger released by one cell to signal either itself or a different cell.