AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Signal amplification is achieved by enzymatic action in a cell. Enzymes can catalyze the production of several signalling molecules in a short time when activated and this can amplify the signal received at the cell surface several fold.

Detailed explanation-2: -Signaling cascades, series of molecules that sequentially activate each other, are ubiquitous in cellular systems 1–4. They have long been thought to amplify input signals as each molecule in the cascade can serially activate multiple molecules of a downstream component of the cascade [5], [6].

Detailed explanation-3: -Activation of protein kinases Activation frequently leads to a protein kinase cascade, resulting in the rapid amplification of extra-cellular signals.

Detailed explanation-4: -The amplification of signals, defined as an increase in the intensity of a signal through networks of intracellular reactions, is considered one of the essential properties in many cell signalling pathways.