AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Anti-Jka and anti-Jkb are dangerous antibodies because they can be difficult to detect in routine blood cross-matches. They are a common cause of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. Anti-Jk3 is rare and can cause immediate and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions.

Detailed explanation-2: -The subject is blood group A if agglutination occurred with the Anti-A test serum; group B if agglutination occurred with the Anti-B test serum; group AB if agglutination occurred with both test serums, and O if there was no agglutination in either case.

Detailed explanation-3: -Antibodies to red cell antigens are considered naturally occurring when there is no obvious source stimulus such as blood transfusion, injection or pregnancy. However, these antibodies are produced as an immune response to some unknown environmental antigens such as pollen grains and other parts of bacterial membranes.

Detailed explanation-4: -The Kidd blood group system, discovered in 1951, consists of three known antigens, designated Jka, Jkb, and Jk3, all of which are encoded by a gene known as SLC14A1 (solute carrier family 14, member 1). The Jka antigen occurs in more than 90 percent of blacks, 75 percent of whites, and 70 percent of Asians.