AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Among the hepatic immune cells, the hepatic dendritic cells (HDCs), uniquely, have a migratory capacity, produce particular cytokines and promote the adaptive immune system response and acts as a bridge between the innate and adaptive process (22).

Detailed explanation-2: -In particular, liver is considered as an important immunological organ, that it is enriched with multiple innate immune cells, including T lymphocytes, natural killer cells (NK), NKT cells, proper macrophages called kupffer cells (KCs), and dendritic cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -The Kupffer cell is located to the hepatic sinusoid and is therefore in close proximity to other cells in the sinusoid, including natural killer (NK) and natural killer T cells (NKT), as well as the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC).

Detailed explanation-4: -All nonlymphoid tissues, including the kidney, harbor an intricate network of tissue-resident mononuclear phagocytes, which include dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages.

Detailed explanation-5: -Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer–Browicz cells, are specialized cells localized in the liver within the lumen of the liver sinusoids and are adhesive to their endothelial cells which make up the blood vessel walls.