AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -These antibodies bind to pathogens or to foreign substances, such as toxins, to neutralize them. For example, an antibody can bind to a virus, which prevents it from entering a normal cell and causing infection. B cells can also recruit other cells to help destroy an infected cell.

Detailed explanation-2: -T lymphocytes attack antigens directly and help control the immune response. They also release chemicals, known as cytokines, which control the entire immune response.

Detailed explanation-3: -The most important cells associated with innate immune responses are: Neutrophils-These are the most numerous type of innate immune responder cells. Their primary job is to destroy pathogens. Neutrophils circulate in the blood, but enter different parts of the body where an invader has been identified.

Detailed explanation-4: -There are two main types lymphocytes: T cells and B cells. B cells produce antibody molecules that can latch on and destroy invading viruses or bacteria. T cells are direct fighters of foreign invaders and also produced cytokines, which are biological substances that help activate other parts of the immune system.

Detailed explanation-5: -Once the B cells bind to this protein, called an antigen, they release antibodies that stick to the antigen and prevent it from harming the body. Then, the B cells secrete cytokines to attract other immune cells. They also present the antigens to T cells, which they recognize using their T cell receptors (TCRs).