AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -When a transfusion reaction is suspected, the transfusion should be immediately stopped, and the intravenous line should be kept open using appropriate fluids (usually 0.9% saline). A clerical check should be performed by examining the product bag and confirming the patient’s identification.

Detailed explanation-2: -Start all RBC transfusions slowly, at a rate of 1-2 mL per minute for the first 15 minutes and remain with the patient for the first 5 minutes. For the next 10 minutes have the patient in view and perform non-dedicated tasks.

Detailed explanation-3: -To prevent ta-GvHD, irradiated blood products should be given to patients at risk: patients after bone marrow transplantation, newborns and children in the 1st year, patients with severe combined immunodeficiency, and patients receiving blood from first-degree relatives.

Detailed explanation-4: -Frequent visual observations during transfusion are essential to identify signs of reactions or adverse events. The patient must be observed closely for the first 15 minutes of each pack and at least hourly throughout the transfusion.