AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cytogenetic abnormalities (CAs) are the most widely accepted predictors for poor prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM), such as t(4; 14), t(14; 16), t(14; 20), gain/amp(1q21), del(1p), and del(17p).

Detailed explanation-2: -Finally, some poor prognosis factors are linked to patient and tumor, such as hypoalbuminemia, renal failure, and poor response to treatment. Among all prognostic factors, genetic abnormalities and response to treatment are the most robust.

Detailed explanation-3: -t(11; 14), occurring in approx. 15% of patients (pts) with MM, is considered a standard risk abnormality, but recent data suggest that the prognosis may be inferior to what had been expected.

Detailed explanation-4: -Traditional prognostic factors in MM measure plasma cell proliferation (plasma cell labeling index, Ki-67), plasma cell mass (clinical stage, plasmacytosis), or the status of the patient (hemoglobin, calcium, creatinine, albumin).

Detailed explanation-5: -Multiple myeloma is characterized by abnormalities in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. These abnormal cells multiply out of control, increasing from about one percent of cells in the bone marrow to the majority of bone marrow cells.