AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Chromosome mutations can result in changes in the number of chromosomes in a cell or changes in the structure of a chromosome. Unlike a gene mutation which alters a single gene or larger segment of DNA on a chromosome, chromosome mutations change and impact the entire chromosome.

Detailed explanation-2: -Changes that affect the structure of chromosomes can cause problems with growth, development, and function of the body’s systems. These changes can affect many genes along the chromosome and disrupt the proteins made from those genes.

Detailed explanation-3: -A mutation is a change in a genetic sequence. Mutations include changes as small as the substitution of a single DNA building block, or nucleotide base, with another nucleotide base. Meanwhile, larger mutations can affect many genes on a chromosome.

Detailed explanation-4: -Structural Abnormalities: A chromosome’s structure can be altered in several ways. Deletions: A portion of the chromosome is missing or deleted. Duplications: A portion of the chromosome is duplicated, resulting in extra genetic material. Translocations: A portion of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome.

Detailed explanation-5: -As opposed to gene-level mutations, mutations that alter longer stretches of DNA (ranging from multiple genes up to entire chromosomes) are called chromosomal mutations.