AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Substitution, as related to genomics, is a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide. The term can also refer to the replacement of one amino acid in a protein with a different amino acid.

Detailed explanation-2: -A point mutation occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed. While most point mutations are benign, they can also have various functional consequences, including changes in gene expression or alterations in encoded proteins.

Detailed explanation-3: -What would happen if there was a substitution of one base for another in one of the mRNA codons? Substitutions would affect just that one amino acid. If the substitution is in the third position, it is less likely to have an affect.

Detailed explanation-4: -Base substitution Base substitutions are the simplest type of gene-level mutation, and they involve the swapping of one nucleotide for another during DNA replication.

Detailed explanation-5: -Substitution mutations can be good, bad, or have no effect. They cause three specific types of point mutation: silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. A silent mutation is one where the function of the protein is not changed. A missense mutation codes for the wrong protein.